Multilingual practices in Norwegian-German family conversations from the perspective of conversational analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7557/17.7341Keywords:
conversation analysis, multilingualism, family interaction, adolescents, code-switching, participation framework, multimodalityAbstract
This article shows how Norwegian-German adolescents negotiate the framework of participation in family conversations by combining code-switching with multimodal resources. The data consists of self-made video recordings of everyday conversations from two multilingual families (13 recordings, approx. 4 hours), recorded between December 2022 to January 2023. Both families have children of adolescent age (between 15 to 20 years) who have had their upbringing in Norway, whereas their parents moved to Norway from Germany as adults. Through detailed analyses of authentic conversations, based on Auer’s (1995) theories on code-switching, the material shows that the adolescents use code-switching, in combination with multimodal resources, to suggest changes in the participant framework within the family conversation. This often occurs when there are disagreements between the adolescents in the family interactions. The results show how codeswitching can contextualize both a participant’s preferred language and the changes that occur within the conversation’s structure at the same time. The analysis employs multimodal conversation analysis to deepen the present understanding of multilingual adolescents’ linguistic practices in family conversations, as offered by existing sociolinguistic studies. Thus, the article provides insight into how code-switching is a resource in the interaction between multilingual participants, and it shows how the term of code-switching may be a useful and important tool when studying multilingual conversations.
References
Auer, P. (1984). Bilingual Conversation. John Benjamins.
Auer, P. (1995). The pragmatics of code-switching: a sequential approach. I L. Milroy & P. Muysken (red.), One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Code-Switching (s. 115–135). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620867.006
Broth, M. & Keevallik, L. (2020). Multimodal interaktionsanalys. Studentlitteratur.
Couper-Kuhlen, E. (2012). Exploring affiliation in the reception of conversational complaint stories. I A. Peräkylä & M. Sorjonen (red.), Emotion in Interaction (s. 113–146). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730735.003.0006
Couper-Kuhlen, E. (2014). What does grammar tell us about action? Pragmatics, 24(3), 623–647. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.3.08cou
Couper-Kuhlen, E. & Etelämäki, M. (2015). Nominated actions and their targeted agents in Finnish conversational directives. Journal of Pragmatics, 78, 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.12.010
Couper-Kuhlen, E. & Selting, M. (2018). Interactional Linguistics: Studying Language in Social Interaction. Cambridge University Press.
Cromdal, J. (2000). Code-switching for all Practical Purposes: Bilingual Organization of Children’s Play. [Doktoravhandling]. Linköping Studies in Arts and Science.
Davies, B. & Harré, R. (1990). Positioning: The discursive production of selves. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 20(1), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1990.tb00174.x
Elstrand, K.B. (2023). “Jeg gjør mer enn deg på kjøkkenet akkurat nå”: Norsk-tyske ungdommers kodeveksling i familiesamtaler – en samtaleanalytisk studie. [Masteroppgave]. Universitetet i Oslo. UiO DUO. https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/105299
García, O. & Li Wei. (2019). Transspråking: Språk, tospråklighet og opplæring. Cappelen Damm akademisk.
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of Talk. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Goodwin, C. (1981). Conversational Organization: Interaction Between Speakers and Hearers. Academic Press.
Goodwin, C. & Goodwin, M.H. (1992). Context, Activity and Participation. I P. Auer & A. di Luzio (red.), The Contextualization of Language (s. 77–100). John Benjamins.
Goodwin, C. & Goodwin, M.H. (2005). Participation. I A. Duranti (red.), A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology (s. 222–244). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996522.ch10
Gumperz, John J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Vol. 1, Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Hentschel, E. (1986). Funktion und Geschichte deutscher Partikeln: Ja, doch, halt und eben. Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 63. Max Niemeyer Verlag.
Hepburn, A. & Bolden, G.B. (2013). The conversation analytic approach to transcription. I J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (red.), The Handbook of Conversation Analysis (s. 57–76). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325001.ch4
Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Polity Press.
Heritage, J. & Clayman, S. (2010). Talk in Action: Interactions, Identities and Institutions. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318135
Imo, W. (2013). Sprache in Interaktion: Analysemethoden und Untersuchungs-felder. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110306323
Jefferson, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. I G.H. Lerner (red.), Conversation Analysis: Studies from the first generation (s. 13–31). John Benjamins.
Johnsen, R.V. (2021). Flerspråklig ungdom og familien: Språklige praksiser, aktørskap og identiteter. [Doktorgradsavhandling]. UiT Norges arktiske universitet. UiT Munin. https://hdl.handle.net/10037/20543
Johnsen, R.V. (2022). Norsk som en del av et flerspråklig familierepertoar i en trespråklig familie. NOA: norsk som andrespråk, 38(1), 5–35. https://ojs.novus.no/index.php/NOA/article/view/2099/2069
Johnsen, R.V. (2024). Teasing, policing and playful talk among youth in multilingual families. I B.A. Svendsen & R. Jonsson (red.), The Routledge Handbook of Language and Youth Culture (s. 221–234). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166849
Jonsson, R. & Svendsen, B.A. (2024). Introduction: A Handbook of Language and Youth Culture in the complexity of our times. I B.A. Svendsen & R. Jonsson (red.), The Routledge Handbook of Language and Youth Culture (s. xx–xxxiv). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166849
Jørgensen, J.B. (2008). Polylingual languaging around and among children and adolescents. International Journal of Multilingualism, 5(3), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710802387562
King, K.A., Fogle, L.W. & Logan-Terry, A. (2008). Family Language Policy. Language and Linguistics Compass, 2(5), 907–922. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00076.x
Koshik, I. (2003). Wh-questions used as challenges. Discourse Studies, 5(3), 265–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614456030050010301
Lanza, E. & Lomeu Gomes, R. (2020). Family language policy: Foundations, theoretical perspectives and critical approaches. I C.S. Andrea & A.E. Susana (red.), Handbook of Home Language Maintenance and Development (s. 153–173). De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501510175
Lerner, G.H. (1996). On the place of linguistic resources in the organization of talk-in-interaction: ‘Second person’ reference in multi-party conversation. Pragmatics, 6(3), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.6.3.02ler
Lerner, G.H. (2003). Selecting next speaker: The context-sensitive operation of a context-free organization. Language in Society, 32(2), 177–201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004740450332202X
Levinson, S. (1988). Putting linguistics on a proper footing: Explorations in Goffman’s concepts of participation. I P. Drew & A. Wootton (red.), Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order (s. 160–227). Polity Press.
Mondada, L. (2018). The multimodal interactional organization of tasting. Discourse Studies. 20(6), 743–769. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445618793439
Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching. Clarendon Press.
Obojska, M.A. (2019). “Ikke snakke norsk?” – Transnational adolescents and negotiations of family language policy explored through family interview. Multilingua, 38(6), 653–674. https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2018-0058
Opsahl, T. & Aarsæther, F. (2015). Interaksjonelle tilnærminger i andrespråks-forskninga. NOA: norsk som andrespråk, 30(1–2), 121–150. http://ojs.novus.no/index.php/NOA/article/view/1186
Peräkylä, A., Taurogiński, B., Dejko-Wańczyk, K., Józefik, B., Furgał, M. & Matusiak, F.J. (2023). The paradox of disengagement: Bodily displays of inattention in couple therapy. Frontiers in Communication, 8, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1066475
Pomerantz, A. (1984). Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. I M.J. Atkinson & J. Heritage (red.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis (s. 57–101). Cambridge University Press.
Pomerantz, A. (1986). Extreme-Case formulations: A way of legitimizing claims. Human Studies, 9, 219–229.
Raevaara, L. (2017). Adjusting the design of directives to the activity environment: Imperatives in Finnish cooking club interaction. I M. Sorjonen, L. Raevaara & E. Couper-Kuhlen (red.), Imperative turns at talk: the design of directives in action (s. 381–410). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/slsi.30.13rae
Roberts, T. (2022). Homework in a bi-national family: The mobilisation of others in resolving language-related epistemic issues. Linguistics and Education, 69, 101034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2022.101034
Rossi, G. (2015). The Request System in Italian Interaction. [Doktoravhandling] Radboud University Nijmegen. Radboud Repository. https://hdl.handle.net/2066/141385
Sacks, H. (1984). Notes on methodology. I J. Atkinson & J. Heritage (red.), Structures of Social Action (s. 21–27). Cambridge University Press.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E.A. & Jefferson, G. (1974). A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation. Language, 50(4), 696–735. https://doi.org/10.2307/412243
Schegloff, E.A. (1996). Some practices for referring to persons in talk-in-interaction: A partial sketch of a systematics. I B. Fox (red.), Studies in Anaphora (s. 437–486). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.33.14sch
Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791208
Seppänen, E.-L. (2005). Pronouns, gaze and reference: The Finnish demonstrative pronoun tämä as a device for modifying participation frameworks in conversation. I R. Laury (red.), Minimal Reference: The use of pronouns in Finnish and Estonian discourse (s. 38–55). Finnish Literature Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/sflin.12
Sidnell, J. & Stivers, T. (2013). The Handbook of Conversation Analysis. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325001
Silverman, D. (2006). Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for analyzing talk, text and interaction. Sage.
Skovholt, K., Landmark, A.M., Sikveland, R.O. & Solem, M.S. (2021). Samtaleanalyse: En praktisk innføring. Cappelen Damm akademisk.
Steensig, J. (2015). Konversationsanalyse. I S. Brinkmann & L. Tanggaard (red.), Kvalitative metoder: En grundbog (s. 321–347). Hans Reitzels Forlag.
Stivers, T. (2013). Sequence organization. I T. Stivers & J. Sidnell (red.), The Handbook of Conversation Analysis (s. 191–209). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325001.ch10
Stivers, T. (2022). The Book of Answers: Alignment, Autonomy, and Affiliation in Social Interaction. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197563892.001.0001
Svendsen, B.A. (2004). Så lenge vi forstår hverandre: Språkvalg, flerspråklige ferdigheter og språklig sosialisering hos norsk-filippinske barn i Oslo. [Doktorgradsavhandling]. Universitetet i Oslo.
Svendsen, B.A. (2021). Flerspråklighet – til begeistring og besvær. Gyldendal.
ten Have, P. (2007). Doing Conversation analysis: A Practical Guide. Sage.
Aarsæther, F. (2004). To språk i en tekst: Kodeveksling i samtaler mellom pakistansk-norske tiåringer. [Doktoravhandling]. Universitetet i Oslo.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Kristin Børde Elstrand
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
