Generativity, comparative grammar, and the syntax vs. the lexicon debates

Gillian Catriona Ramchand

doi:10.7557/12.7981

Authors

Gillian Catriona Ramchand UiT The Arctic University of Norway https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8019-0630

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7557/12.7981

Keywords:

lexicalism, lexicalist hypothesis, words and rules, neurolinguistics

Abstract

Within linguistic theory, the division of labour between syntax and the lexicon has been a central issue for debate among different architectures of grammar, roughly corresponding to the distinction between memorization and rule governed aspects of language competence. In this article, I give some historical context for these debates, concluding that differences in architectural assumptions are only resolvable ultimately if we are willing to allow these implementational decisions to have consequences for (and make predictions concerning) human behaviours or mental processes. I proceed then to assess the psycholinguistic evidence concerning the lexicon and processing from the cognitive science literature, and offer a reassessment of what this means for the linguistic debates that have dominated discussions of the lexicon to this date. My conclusion will be that some of the comfortable dichotomies often relied on in these discussions are untenable and that some of the classical positions need to be reevaluated.

References

Ackema, Peter and Ad Neeleman. 2007. Morphology ̸= syntax. In The Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces, edited by Gillian Ramchand and Charles Reiss, pp. 325–352. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199247455.013.0011

Alsina, Alex. 1992. On the argument structure of causatives. Linguistic Inquiry 23 4: 517–555.

Baker, Mark. 1985. The Mirror Principle and morphosyntactic explanation. Linguistic Inquiry 16 3: 373–415.

Bauer, Laurie., Rochelle Lieber, and Ingo Plag. 2013. The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747062.001.0001. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747062.001.0001

Beavers, John and Andrew Koontz-Garboden. 2020. The Roots of Verbal Meaning. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855781.001.0001

Beck, Sigrid and Kyle Johnson. 2002. Double objects again. Linguistic Inquiry 35: 97–123. https://doi.org/10.1162/002438904322793356

Berwick, Robert C. and Noam Chomsky. 2016. Why Only Us: Language and Evolution. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034241.001.0001. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034241.001.0001

Berwick, Robert C., Angela D. Friederici, Noam Chomsky, and Johan J. Bolhuis. 2013. Evolution, brain and the nature of language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17(2): 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.12.002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.12.002

Blank, Idan and Evelina Fedorenko. 2020. No evidence for differences among language regions in their temporal receptive windows. NeuroImage 219: 116925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116925

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York.

Borer, Hagit. 1984. Parametric Syntax: Case studies in Semitic and Romance languages.. Foris, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110808506

Borer, Hagit. 2005. Structuring Sense: An Exo-Skeletal Trilogy. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263905.001.0001

Borer, Hagit. 2013. Taking Form: Structuring Sense Volume III. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263936.001.0001

Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina and Matthias Schlesewsky. 2013. Reconciling time, space and function: A new dorsal–ventral stream model of sentence comprehension. Brain and Language 125(1): 60–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.01.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.01.010

Brennan, Jonathan and Liina Pylkk¨ anen. 2010. Processing psych verbs: Behavioural and MEG measures of two different types of semantic complexity. Language and Cognitive Processes 25 6: 777–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690961003616840

Bresnan, Joan. 1978. A realistic transformational grammar. In Linguistic Theory and Psychological Reality, edited by Morris Halle, Joan Bresnan, and George A. Miller, pp. 1–59. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.

Bresnan, Joan and Sam Mchombo. 1995. The lexical integrity principle: Evidence from Bantu. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13 2: 181–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992782

Brody, Michael. 2000. Mirror theory: Syntactic representation in Perfect Syntax. Linguistic Inquiry 31 1: 29–56. https://doi.org/10.1162/002438900554280

Bruening, Benjamin. 2018. The lexicalist hypothesis: Both wrong and superfluous. Language 49: 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2018.0000

Butt, Miriam and Gillian Ramchand. 2005. Aspectual complex predicates in Hindi/Urdu. In The Syntax of Aspect, edited by Nomi Erteschik-Shir and Tova Rapoport, pp. 117–153. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280445.003.0006. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280445.003.0006

Bye, Patrik and Peter Svenonius. 2012. Non-concatenative morphology as epiphenomenon. In The Morphology and Phonology of Exponence: The State of the Art, edited by Jochen Trommer, pp. 427–495. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573721.003.0013. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573721.003.0013

Caramazza, Alfonso and Edgar B. Zurif. 1976. Dissociation of algorithmic and heuristic processes in language comprehension: Evidence from aphasia. Brain and Language 3(4): 572–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(76)90048-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(76)90048-1

Chomsky, Noam. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. In Readings in English Transformational Grammar, edited by Roderick A. Jacobs and Peter S. Rosenbaum, pp. 184–221. Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C.

Chomsky, Noam. 1991. Some notes on economy of derivation and representation. In Principles and

Parameters in Comparative Grammar, edited by Robert Freidin, pp. 417–454. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.

Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The Minimalist Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.

Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115260.001.0001

Dehaene, Stanislas, Fosca Al Roumi, Yair Lakretz, Samuel Planton, and Mathias Sabl´ e-Meyer. 2022. Symbols and mental programs: A hypothesis about human singularity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 26 9: 751–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.010

Del Prato, Paul and Liina Pylkk¨ anen. 2014. MEG evidence for conceptual combination but not numerical quantification in the left anterior temporal lobe during language production. Frontiers in Psychology 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00524. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00524

Di Sciullo, Anna-Maria and Edwin Williams. 1987. On the Definition of Word. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.

Ding, Nai, Lucia Melloni, Hang Zhang, Xing Tian, and David Poeppel. 2016. Cortical tracking of hierarchical linguistic structures in connected speech. Nature Neuroscience 19 1: 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4186. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4186

Dowty, David R. 1979. Word Meaning and Montague Grammar: The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ. Reidel, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9473-7

Dronkers, Nina F., David P. Wilkins, Robert D. Van Valin Jr., Brenda B. Redfern, and Jeri J. Jaeger. 2004. Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension. Cognition 91(1-2): 145–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.002

Fedorenko, Evelina, Po-Jang Hsieh, Alfonso Nieto-Casta n´ on, Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli, and Nancy Kan- wisher. 2010. New method for fMRI investigations of language: Defining ROIs functionally in individual subjects. Journal of Neurophysiology pp. 1177–1194. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00032.2010. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00032.2010

Fodor, Jerry A. 1970. Three reasons for not deriving “kill” from “cause to die”. Linguistic Inquiry 1: 429–38.

Folli, Raffaella and Heidi Harley. 2006. On the licensing of causatives of directed motion: Waltzing Matilda all over. Studia Linguistica 60(2): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2006.00135.x

Friederici, Angela. 2017. Language in our Brain: The Origins of a Uniquely Human Capacity. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262036924.001.0001

Friederici, Angela D. 2012. The cortical language circuit: From auditory perception to sentence comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16 5: 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.001

Frost, Ram, Avital Deutsch, Orna Gilboa, Michal Tannenbaum, and William Marslen-Wilson. 2000. Morphological priming: Dissociation of phonological, semantic, and morphological factors. Memory & Cognition 20 8: 277–288. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211828. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211828

Goldberg, Adele. 1995. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Goldberg, Adele and Ray Jackendoff. 2004. The English resultative as a family of constructions. Language 80: 532–568. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0129

Grodzinsky, Yosef. 2000. The neurology of syntax: Language use without Broca’s area. Behavioural and Brain Sciences 23(1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00002399. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00002399

Guéron, Jacqueline. 1987. Clause union and the verb-particle construction in English. In North Eastern Linguistics Society Annual Meeting (NELS) 17.

Gwilliams, Laura. 2020. How the brain composes morphemes into meaning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 375 1791: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0311. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0311

Gwilliams, Laura and Alec Marantz. 2018. Morphological representations are extrapolated from morpho- syntactic rules. Neuropsychologia 114: 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.01. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.015

Hagoort, Peter. 2005. On Broca, brain, and binding: A new framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9(9): 416–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.004

Hagoort, Peter. 2014. Nodes and networks in the neural architecture for language: Broca’s region. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 28: 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.07.013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.07.013

Hagoort, Peter and Peter Indefrey. 2014. The neurobiology of language beyond single words. Annual Review of Neuroscience 37 1: 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro071013-013847. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013847

Hale, Ken and Samuel Jay Keyser. 2002. Prolegomenon to a Theory of Argument Structure. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5634.001.0001

Hale, Kenneth and Samuel Jay Keyser. 1993. On argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations. In The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, edited by Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser, pp. 53–109. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.

Halle, Morris and Alec Marantz. 1993. Distributed Morphology and the pieces of inflection. In The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, edited by Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser, pp. 111–176. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.

Harley, Heidi and Rolf Noyer. 1999. State of the article: Distributed morphology. GLOT International 4.4: 3–9.

Hauser, Marc D., Noam Chomsky, and W. Tecumseh Fitch. 2002. The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science 298 5598: 1569–1579. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5598.1569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5598.1569

Hickok, Gregory and David Poeppel. 2007. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8(5): 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2113

Hoekstra, Teun. 1988. Small clause results. Lingua 74 2-3: 101–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(88)90056-3

Indefrey, Peter and Willem J. M. Levelt. 2004. The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition 92(1-2): 101–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2002.06.001

Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. No. 2 in Current Studies in Linguistics. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.

Jackendoff, Ray. 2002. Foundations of Language:Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198270126.001.0001

Julien, Marit. 2003. On the negated past in Finnic and Saami. In Generative Approaches to Finnic and Saami Linguistics, edited by Diane Nelson and Satu Manninen, pp. 419–446. CSLI, Stanford, Ca.

Kaufeld, Greta, Hans Rutger Bosker, Sanne Ten Oever, Phillip M Alday, Antje S Meyer, and Andrea E Martin. 2020. Linguistic structure and meaning organize neural oscillations into a content-specific hierarchy. Journal of Neuroscience 40 49: 9467–9475. https://doi.org/10.1523 JNEUROSCI.0302-20.2020. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0302-20.2020

Kayne, Richard S. 1985. Principles of particle constructions. In Grammatical Representation, edited by Jacqueline Gu´ eron, Hans-Georg Obenauer, and Jean-Yves Pollock, pp. 101–140. Foris, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112328064-006

Kiparsky, Paul. 1982. Lexical morphology and phonology. In Linguistics in the Morning Calm, edited by I. S. Yang, pp. 1–91. The Linguistic Society of Korea and Hanshin, Seoul.

Lasnik, Howard. 1999. Minimalist Analysis. Blackwell, Oxford.

Leminen, Alina, Eva Smolka, Jon A. Du nabeitia, and Christos Pliatsikas. 2018. Morphological processing in the brain: the good (inflection), the bad (derivation) and the ugly (compounding). Cortex 116: 4–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.016

Levelt, Willem J. M. 1999. Models of word production. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 6: 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01319-4

Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport. 1998. Building verb meanings. In The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors, edited by Miriam Butt and Wilhelm Geuder, pp. 97–134. CSLI, Stanford, Ca.

Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav. 1995. Unaccusativity: At the Syntax-Lexical Semantics Interface. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.

Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav. 2005. Argument Realization. Cambridge University Press, Cam- bridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610479

Marantz, Alec. 1997. No escape from syntax: Don’t try morphological analysis in the privacy of your own lexicon. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Penn Linguistics Colloquium, edited by Alexis Dimitriadis and Laura Siegel, University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, pp. 201–225. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Marslen-Wilson, William D., Mike Ford, Lianne Older, and Xiaolin Zhou. 1996. The combinatorial lexicon: Priming derivational affixes. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 18: 223–227.

Marslen-Wilson, William D. and Lorraine K. Tyler. 1980. The temporal structure of spoken language understanding. Cognition 8: 1–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(80)90015-3

Marslen-Wilson, William D. and Lorraine K. Tyler. 2007. Morphology, language and the brain: The decom- positional substrate for language comprehension. Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences 1481 362: 823–836. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2091. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2091

Matchin, William. to appear. Neurolinguistics. In The Cambridge Handbook of Minimalism, edited by

Kleanthes Grohmann and Evelina Leivada. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Matchin, William and Gregory Hickok. 2020. The cortical organization of syntax. Cerebral Cortex 30 3: 1481–1498. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz180. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz180

Matchin, William, Dirk-Bart den Ouden, Gregory Hickok, Argye E. Hillis, Leonardo Bonilha, and Julius Fridriksson. 2022. The Wernicke conundrum revisited: Evidence from connectome- based lesion-symptom mapping in post-stroke aphasia. Brain 145 11: 3916–3930. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac219. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac219

Matchin, William and Emily Wood. 2020. Syntax-sensitive regions of the posterior inferior frontal gyrus and the posterior temporal lobe are differentially recruited by production and perception. Cerebral Cortex Communications 1 1: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/texcom/tgaa029. https://doi.org/10.1093/texcom/tgaa029

Matthews, P. H. 1991. Morphology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2nd edn.

McClelland, James L. and Jeffrey L. Elman. 1986. The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology 18 1: 1–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(86)90015-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(86)90015-0

Meyer, Lars and Angela D. Friederici. 2016. Neural systems underlying the processing of complex sentences. In Neurobiology of Language, edited by Gregory Hickok and Steven L. Small, pp. 597–606. Elsevier, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407794-2.00048-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407794-2.00048-1

Müller, Stefan. 2013. Unifying everything: Some remarks on Simpler Syntax, Construction Grammar, Minimalism, and HPSG. Language 89 4: 920–950. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2013.0061

Müller, Stefan and Stephen Wechsler. 2014. Lexical approaches to argument structure. Theoretical Linguistics 40: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2014-0001

Newmeyer, Frederick J. 2017. Where, if anywhere, are parameters? a critical historical overview of parametric theory. In On looking into words (and beyond), edited by Claire Bowern, Laurence Horn, and Raffaella Zanuttini, pp. 547–569. Language Science Press, Berlin.

Pillay, Sara B., Jeffrey R. Binder, Colin Humphries, William L.Gross, and Diane S. Book. 2017. Le-

sion localization of speech comprehension deficits in chronic aphasia. Neurology 88 10: 970–975.

https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003683. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003683

Pinker, Steven. 1998. Words and rules. Lingua 106: 219–242. https://doi.org/is.gd/g00QiF. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3841(98)00035-7

Pylkkänen, Liina. 1999. Causation and external arguments. In Papers from the UPenn/MIT Roundtable on the Lexicon, edited by Liina Pylkk¨ anen, Angeliek van Hout, and Heidi Harley, pp. 161–183. MITWPL 35, Cambridge, Ma.

Ramchand, Gillian. 2008a. Lexical items in complex predications: Selection as underassociation. Nordlyd Tromsø Working Papers in Linguistics 35: 115–141. https://doi.org/10.7557/12.139

Ramchand, Gillian. 2008b. Verb Meaning and the Lexicon. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486319

Ramchand, Gillian. 2013. Argument structure and argument structure alternations. In Cambridge Hand- book of Generative Syntax, edited by Marcel den Dikken, pp. 265–321. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804571.013

Ramchand, Gillian and Peter Svenonius. 2014. Deriving the functional hierarchy. Journal of Language Sciences 46 B: 152–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.06.013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.06.013

Rappaport-Hovav, Malka and Beth Levin. 2008. Reflections on manner/result complementarity. In Syntax, Lexical Semantics and Event Structure, edited by Edit Doron Malka Rappaport-Hovav and Ivy Sichel, pp. 21–37. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544325.003.0002

Rastle, Kathleen, Matthew H. Davis, and Boris New. 2004. The broth in my brother’s brothel: Morpho- orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin Review 11: 1090–1098. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196742. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196742

Rezaii, Neguine, Kyle Mahowald, Rachel Ryskin, Bradford Dickerson, and Edward Gibson. 2022. A syntax–lexicon trade-off in language production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 25. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2120203119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2120203119

Rogalsky, Corianne, Arianna N. LaCroix, Kuan-Hua Chen, Steven W. Anderson, Hanna Damasio, Tracy Love, and Gregory Hickok. 2018. The neurobiology of agrammatic sentence comprehension: A lesion study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30 2: 234–255. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn a 01200. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01200

Rothstein, Susan. 2004. Structuring Events: A Study in the Semantics of Aspect. Blackwell, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470759127

Sadock, Jerrold M. 1991. Autolexical syntax: A Theory of Parallel Grammatical Representations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Sahin, Ned T., Steven Pinker, Sydney S. Cash, Donald Schomer, and Eric Halgren. 2009. Sequential processing of lexical, grammatical, and phonological information within Broca’s area. Science 326 5951: 445–449. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1174481. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1174481

de Saussure, Ferdinand. 1959. A Course in General Linguistics. Fontana/Collins, Glasgow. French original published in 1916; translated by Wade Baskin.

Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1973. Lexical versus periphrastic causatives in Korean. Journal of Linguistics 9: 209–383. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700003807

Shibatani, Masayoshi. 2002. Introduction. In The Grammar of Causation and Interpersonal Manipulation, pp. 1–23. John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.48.04shi

Siloni, Tal. 2019. Event structure and syntax. In The Oxford Handbook of Event Structure, edited by Robert Truswell, pp. 456–489. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685318.013.16. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685318.013.16

Simpson, Jane. 1983. Resultatives. In Papers in Lexical-Functional Grammar, edited by Beth Levin, Malka

Rappaport, and Annie Zaenen, pp. 143–157. Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington.

Smith, Carlota S. 1995. The Parameter of Aspect. Kluwer, Dordrecht, revised edn.

Solomyak, Olla and Alec Marantz. 2010. Evidence for early morphological decomposition in visual word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22 9: 2042–2057. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21296. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21296

von Stechow, Arnim. 1996. The different readings of wieder ‘again’: A structural account. Journal of Semantics 13 2: 87–138. https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/13.2.87. https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/13.2.87

Svenonius, Peter. 1994. Dependent Nexus: Subordinate Predication Structures in English and the Scandinavian Languages. Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Santa Cruz.

Talmy, Leonard. 1972. Semantic Structures in English and Atsugewi. Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Berkeley.

Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Toward a Cognitive Semantics. MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6847.001.0001

Tenny, Carol. 1994. Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface. Kluwer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1150-8

Truswell, Robert. 2019. Event composition and event individuation. In The Oxford Handbook of Event Structure, edited by Robert Truswell, pp. 90–122. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685318.013.5. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685318.013.5

Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in Philosophy. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501743726

Whiting, Caroline, Yury Shtyrov, and William Marslen-Wilson. 2014. Real-time functional architecture of visual word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27 2: 246–265. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn a 00699. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00699

Williams, Edwin. 2007. Dumping Lexicalism. In The Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces, edited by Gillian https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199247455.013.0012

Ramchand and Charles Reiss, pp. 353–381. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Wiltschko, Martina. 2014. The Universal Structure of Categories: Towards a Formal Typology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139833899

Zaccarella, Emiliana, Marianne Schell, and Angela D. Friederici. 2017. Reviewing the functional basis of the syntactic Merge mechanism for language: A coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews 80: 646–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.011

Generativity, comparative grammar, and the syntax vs. the lexicon debates

Authors

DOI:

Keywords:

Abstract

References

Downloads

Published

Issue

Section

License

Make a Submission

Current Issue

Information